What Is Tirzepatide?

Are you curious about tirzepatide, the medication making headlines for its remarkable results in weight loss and type 2 diabetes management?

With its dual-action approach, tirzepatide has become a significant option among GLP-1 receptor agonists. It offers unique benefits that distinguish it from other medications in this category. This article will help you understand tirzepatide, its effects and benefits, and how it compares to other GLP-1 medications.

What Is Tirzepatide?

Compound tirzepatide is an FDA-approved medication prescribed for patients struggling with weight loss and type 2 diabetes. It is the active ingredient in Zepbound®, which has been approved under the brand name Mounjaro®. [1]

Tirzepatide mimics the actions of two naturally occurring hormones: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). After eating, the intestines release these hormones, which play a major role in managing blood sugar levels. They also stimulate insulin secretion and reduce appetite by slowing gastric emptying, which prolongs the feeling of fullness (satiety). [2]

What Are the Effects of Tirzepatide?

Based on the way tirzepatide works, it has three primary effects:

• Weight Loss: Tirzepatide has demonstrated weight loss effects, often more pronounced than other diabetes medications. [1]
• Improved Blood Sugar Control: The medication helps to lower blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin production and reducing glucose absorption in the intestines. This dual action contributes to more stable blood sugar levels. [3]
• Reduced Appetite: By mimicking the effects of GLP-1, a hormone involved in appetite regulation, tirzepatide can effectively reduce appetite and food intake. [2]

Tirzepatide has been under clinical investigation and has shown promising results in reducing HbA1c levels (a marker of long-term blood sugar control) and promoting weight loss in clinical trials. For example, in a 72-week clinical trial involving participants with obesity, weekly doses of 5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg of tirzepatide led to significant and sustained reductions in body weight. [4] In another study involving individuals who were overweight, those who discontinued tirzepatide experienced substantial weight regain. [5]

Side Effects of Tirzepatide

While tirzepatide is generally well tolerated, it can cause some side effects, which vary in severity:

• Gastrointestinal: Common side effects include decreased appetite, nausea, and diarrhea. There have also been occasional reports of vomiting, acid reflux, and constipation. [6]
• Renal: There have been infrequent cases of acute kidney injury, likely secondary to dehydration resulting from gastrointestinal side effects such as vomiting and diarrhea. [7]
• Cardiovascular: Sinus tachycardia (faster-than-normal heart rate) has been reported. However, this may be influenced by concurrent use of other medications. [8]
• Endocrine: There is a small, dose-dependent risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), which is more significant in patients who are also on insulin therapy or using sulfonylureas. [9]
• Dermatologic: Some users have reported hypersensitivity reactions at the injection site, though these occurrences are rare. [7]
• Hepatobiliary: There have been reports of cholelithiasis (gallstones) and cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation) in patients undergoing tirzepatide therapy. These conditions may be linked to the medication's effects on gallbladder function, necessitating careful monitoring. [10]
• Pancreatitis: GLP-1 medications, including tirzepatide, have been identified as potential risk factors for acute pancreatitis. [11]

Difference Between Tirzepatide and Other GLP-1 Medications

While tirzepatide shares similarities with GLP-1 receptor agonists like semaglutide (Ozempic®), it stands out due to its dual-action mechanism. Most GLP-1 medications primarily target the GLP-1 receptor, but tirzepatide also engages the GIP receptor, offering a broader approach to regulating blood sugar levels and appetite. [12]

This dual targeting is believed to enhance its efficacy, particularly in weight management, providing greater weight loss outcomes than traditional GLP-1 medications alone.

Tirzepatide vs Ozempic®

When comparing tirzepatide to Ozempic®, one of the key differences lies in their mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy.

Mechanisms of Action

Ozempic® (semaglutide) is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that helps to regulate blood sugar and reduce appetite. [13] Tirzepatide, however, targets both the GLP-1 and GIP receptors. [1] This dual action enhances insulin secretion and offers greater appetite suppression and weight loss benefits than Ozempic®.

Clinical Efficacy

Both drugs are effective for weight loss and glucose control, but tirzepatide has shown superior results. For example, a recent trial found that adults who are overweight or obese experienced significantly greater weight loss with tirzepatide compared to semaglutide. More research is needed to explore other potential differences. [14]

Side Effects

Both medications commonly cause gastrointestinal side effects like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Tirzepatide’s dual action may lead to more frequent gastrointestinal issues and a higher risk of hypoglycemia when used with insulin or sulfonylureas. [9] Side effects of Ozempic® are well known, and some patients may tolerate them better, especially if sensitive to the GIP-related effects.

Benefits of Tirzepatide

The benefits of tirzepatide extend beyond just blood sugar control and weight loss. Here are some others:

• Cardiovascular health: Tirzepatide has been shown to lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases in individuals with type 2 diabetes. [15]
• Lipid profile improvement: Patients on tirzepatide may also see improvements in their lipid profiles. [16]
• Improved insulin sensitivity: Tirzepatide helps reduce insulin resistance needed for long-term diabetes management. [3]
• Reduced inflammation: Tirzepatide may help lower inflammation markers in the body, contributing to better overall health. [17]
• Enhanced glycemic control: Beyond lowering blood sugar levels, tirzepatide helps maintain more consistent glycemic control, reducing the likelihood of hypoglycemic episodes. [3]
• Convenient dosing: With the potential for once-weekly dosing, tirzepatide offers a more convenient option compared to daily medications. This may improve adherence and patient outcomes. [7]

How Tirzepatide Is Administered

Tirzepatide is typically administered as a subcutaneous injection. It is given once weekly, usually in the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm. The dosage and specific instructions for administration are determined by a healthcare provider based on the patient's condition and response to treatment. [7] Here's a breakdown of how it's usually administered:

• Preparation: The medication usually comes in a prefilled pen. Begin by cleaning the injection site with alcohol to ensure it’s sterile.
• Injection: Using the pen, inject the medication just beneath the skin. Common injection sites include the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm. Be sure to rotate injection sites regularly to prevent skin irritation.
• Disposal: Once the injection is complete, properly dispose of the used pen, following your local guidelines.

Lifestyle Changes To Support Weight Goals

While tirzepatide can be an effective tool in managing weight, combining it with healthy lifestyle changes is important to maximize results. The following are some strategies you can try.

Balanced Diet

Incorporate various whole foods, including fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains, while limiting processed foods and added sugars. Consider portion control and mindful eating practices to avoid overeating.

Regular Physical Activity

Engage in regular exercise, such as cardio, strength training, or activities like walking, swimming, or cycling. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity weekly exercise to boost metabolism and maintain muscle mass.

Hydration

Staying well hydrated can aid digestion, reduce appetite, and improve overall energy levels. Aim to drink at least 8 cups of water daily, and more if you’re physically active.

Sleep Hygiene

Prioritize getting 7-9 hours of quality sleep each night. Poor sleep can disrupt hormones that regulate hunger and metabolism, making weight management more challenging.

Stress Management

Chronic stress can lead to weight gain, particularly around the abdominal area, due to elevated cortisol levels. Incorporate stress-reducing activities like yoga, meditation, or deep breathing exercises into your daily routine.

Consistent Meal Timing

Eat meals at consistent times each day to help regulate your body’s natural hunger cues and metabolism. Avoid skipping meals, as this can lead to overeating later in the day.

Support System

Surround yourself with supportive friends, family, or a healthcare team who can encourage and guide you on your weight management journey. Consider joining a weight loss group or seeking advice from a registered dietitian or nutritionist.

Steer Clear of Triggers

Recognize and sidestep situations that might prompt emotional eating or other unhealthy habits.

Everlywell Weight Care+ Program and Medication Options

For those seeking a comprehensive approach to weight management, the Everlywell Weight Care+ program offers a tailored solution. The program includes access to various medication options, including tirzepatide online, personalized support, and expert guidance to help you achieve your weight loss goals.

Everlywell’s program is designed to complement the effects of tirzepatide. It provides a structured plan that includes dietary recommendations, fitness strategies, and ongoing monitoring to ensure you stay on track.

Whether managing type 2 diabetes, focusing on weight loss, or both, Everlywell’s Weight Care+ program can be an invaluable resource on your journey to better health.

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References

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2. Weill Cornell Medicine. Tirzepatide enhances weight loss with sustained treatment but discontinuation leads to weight regain. Published December 11, 2023. Accessed August 24, 2024. Medical Citation URL.
3. Dutta P, Kumar Y, Babu AT, et al. Tirzepatide: a promising drug for type 2 diabetes and beyond. Cureus. 2023;15(5):e38379. doi:10.7759/cureus.38379
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10. Tirzepatide. In: LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; June 20, 2022. Medical Citation URL
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12. Willard FS, Douros JD, Gabe MB, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020;5(17):e140532. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.140532
13. Federal Drug Administration. Medications containing semaglutide marketed for type 2 diabetes or weight loss. News Release. Published January 10, 2024. Accessed August 24, 2024. Medical Citation URL.
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